天然氣發(fā)電（“氣電”）是解決新能源發(fā)電隨機(jī)性、波動(dòng)性、間歇性的關(guān)鍵調(diào)峰調(diào)頻電源，也是支撐風(fēng)光熱電氫綜合能源基地、電力特高壓外送通道建設(shè)的主體調(diào)節(jié)電源，能提供較好的電力輔助服務(wù)。本期帶您一探天然氣發(fā)電相關(guān)知識(shí)。

　　Natural gas power generation ("gas electricity") is a key peak shaving and frequency regulation power source that solves the randomness, volatility, and intermittency of new energy generation. It is also the main regulating power source that supports the construction of wind solar thermal hydrogen integrated energy bases and ultra-high voltage power transmission channels, and can provide good power auxiliary services. This issue will take you to explore the knowledge related to natural gas power generation.

　　一、天然氣發(fā)電特點(diǎn)

　　1、 Characteristics of natural gas power generation

　　清潔低碳

　　Clean and low-carbon

　　天然氣發(fā)電主要生成二氧化碳和水，幾乎沒有硫化物、粉塵等排放，其單位用水量約為燃煤發(fā)電的1/3；單位度電發(fā)電量氮氧化物、二氧化碳排放量分別約為0.114g和400g，分別相當(dāng)于煤電的60%和50%。

　　Natural gas power generation mainly generates carbon dioxide and water, with almost no emissions of sulfides, dust, etc. Its unit water consumption is about one-third of that of coal-fired power generation; The nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide emissions per unit of electricity generation are approximately 0.114g and 400g, respectively, equivalent to 60% and 50% of coal-fired power generation.

　　調(diào)峰靈活

　　Flexible peak shaving

　　氣電機(jī)組啟?？?，運(yùn)行靈活，幾乎所有燃?xì)怆姀S都具備可調(diào)度性，即電網(wǎng)能隨時(shí)調(diào)用氣電補(bǔ)充電力不足，電廠通常運(yùn)用聯(lián)合循環(huán)燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)、簡(jiǎn)單循環(huán)燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)、蒸汽輪機(jī)以及內(nèi)燃機(jī)4種技術(shù)發(fā)揮氣電靈活性，通過調(diào)整機(jī)組燃料參數(shù)，燃?xì)鈾C(jī)組可有效調(diào)節(jié)電力負(fù)荷，聯(lián)合循環(huán)機(jī)組調(diào)峰能力達(dá)70%-100%，單循環(huán)燃?xì)鈾C(jī)組調(diào)峰能力達(dá)100%。

　　Gas turbine units start and stop quickly, operate flexibly, and almost all gas-fired power plants have dispatchability, which means that the power grid can call on gas and electricity to supplement insufficient power at any time. Power plants usually use four technologies: combined cycle gas turbines, simple cycle gas turbines, steam turbines, and internal combustion engines to exert the flexibility of gas and electricity. By adjusting the fuel parameters of the units, gas turbines can effectively regulate the power load. The peak shaving capacity of combined cycle units can reach 70% -100%, and the peak shaving capacity of single cycle gas turbines can reach 100%.

　　發(fā)電率高

　　High power generation rate

　　單循環(huán)氣電發(fā)電效率為35%-45%，聯(lián)合循環(huán)發(fā)電由于增加了余熱鍋爐，利用了排氣余熱，機(jī)組整體發(fā)電效率可達(dá)50%以上，最新的H級(jí)聯(lián)合循環(huán)發(fā)電效率達(dá)60%以上，加上供熱，整體能源效率可達(dá)75%以上。

　　The efficiency of single cycle gas-fired power generation is 35% -45%, while combined cycle power generation can achieve an overall power generation efficiency of over 50% by adding a waste heat boiler and utilizing exhaust waste heat. The latest H-class combined cycle power generation has an efficiency of over 60%, and with heating, the overall energy efficiency can reach over 75%.

　　建設(shè)期短

　　Short construction period

　　常規(guī)電源中，氣電建設(shè)周期最短，其中單循環(huán)氣電工期為10-12個(gè)月，聯(lián)合循環(huán)氣電為16-20個(gè)月，比煤電更適合作為應(yīng)對(duì)負(fù)荷增長(zhǎng)和其他電源建設(shè)不確定性的儲(chǔ)備電源。

　　Among conventional power sources, gas-fired power has the shortest construction period, with a single cycle gas-fired power period of 10-12 months and a combined cycle gas-fired power period of 16-20 months. It is more suitable as a reserve power source to cope with load growth and other uncertainties in power source construction than coal-fired power.

　　波動(dòng)性大

　　High volatility

　　與其他天然氣消費(fèi)場(chǎng)景相比，氣電項(xiàng)目用氣呈現(xiàn)“冬夏雙峰”的特性，這是由于夏季存在用電高峰，而冬季枯水期水電和新能源發(fā)電量有所減少，導(dǎo)致電量缺口較大。近兩年的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，全國發(fā)電月度用氣量增速在-30%至50%之間大幅波動(dòng)，對(duì)天然氣氣源調(diào)度和管網(wǎng)安全運(yùn)行均造成一定的困難。

　　Compared with other natural gas consumption scenarios, the gas consumption of gas power projects presents a "winter summer double peak" characteristic, which is due to the peak electricity consumption in summer and the decrease in hydropower and new energy generation during the dry season in winter, resulting in a large electricity gap. Data from the past two years shows that the monthly gas consumption growth rate for power generation in China has fluctuated significantly between -30% and 50%, posing certain difficulties for natural gas source scheduling and safe operation of pipeline networks.

　　二、天然氣發(fā)電的資源和政策環(huán)境

　　2、 Resources and policy environment for natural gas power generation

　　宏觀資源環(huán)境

　　Macro resource environment

　　01

　　01

　　在資源供給方面，全球液化天然氣（LNG）產(chǎn)能將在2026年前后進(jìn)入集中投放高峰期，同時(shí)歐洲、日本等地的天然氣消費(fèi)出現(xiàn)負(fù)增長(zhǎng)，全球天然氣市場(chǎng)將進(jìn)入供需相對(duì)寬松階段，氣價(jià)將在較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間處于合理低位，有利于國內(nèi)天然氣發(fā)電的市場(chǎng)供應(yīng)。

　　In terms of resource supply, the global liquefied natural gas (LNG) production capacity will enter a peak period of concentrated deployment around 2026, while natural gas consumption in Europe, Japan and other places will experience negative growth. The global natural gas market will enter a relatively loose supply and demand stage, and gas prices will remain at a reasonable low level for a long time, which is conducive to the market supply of domestic natural gas power generation.

　　全球行業(yè)對(duì)比

　　Global industry comparison

　　02

　　02

　　在全球范圍內(nèi)，天然氣發(fā)電是歐、美、日等發(fā)達(dá)國家和地區(qū)降碳用能的主要方式，也是除煤電外第二大電力來源。據(jù)2023年版《世界能源統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒》，全球天然氣發(fā)電占全部電力生產(chǎn)的22.7%，美國氣電在國內(nèi)電力系統(tǒng)中占比為40%，日本為30.9%，中國氣電裝機(jī)容量2023年底僅占總裝機(jī)容量的4.3%，發(fā)電量?jī)H占總發(fā)電量的3.2%。2024年，國內(nèi)天然氣發(fā)電用氣量約670億立方米，全年新增燃?xì)獍l(fā)電裝機(jī)容量約1500萬千瓦。氣電在電力系統(tǒng)中所占比重仍然較小，未來發(fā)展空間廣闊。

　　On a global scale, natural gas power generation is the main way for developed countries and regions such as Europe, the United States, and Japan to reduce carbon emissions, and it is also the second largest source of electricity after coal-fired power. According to the 2023 edition of the World Energy Statistical Yearbook, natural gas power generation accounts for 22.7% of global electricity production, with the United States accounting for 40% of its domestic power system and Japan accounting for 30.9%. China's installed capacity of gas power only accounted for 4.3% of its total installed capacity by the end of 2023, and its power generation only accounted for 3.2% of its total power generation. In 2024, the domestic natural gas power generation gas consumption is about 67 billion cubic meters, and the newly installed capacity of gas-fired power generation for the whole year is about 15 million kilowatts. The proportion of gas and electricity in the power system is still relatively small, and the future development space is vast.

　　三、國內(nèi)天然氣發(fā)電簡(jiǎn)況

　　3、 Overview of Domestic Natural Gas Power Generation

　　一是天然氣發(fā)電裝機(jī)容量和發(fā)電量保持較高增速，但并未成為主體電源。近10年，天然氣發(fā)電裝機(jī)容量年均增速約為8%，與全國電力總裝機(jī)容量年均增速基本相當(dāng)，在電力系統(tǒng)中的占比基本保持不變。綜合認(rèn)為，到2040年前后，隨著煤電機(jī)組逐步退役、西北可再生能源大基地的推進(jìn)及分布式能源的發(fā)展，天然氣發(fā)電裝機(jī)規(guī)模將在新型電力系統(tǒng)建設(shè)中“穩(wěn)中有升”。

　　One reason is that the installed capacity and power generation of natural gas power generation have maintained a high growth rate, but have not become the main power source. In the past 10 years, the average annual growth rate of natural gas power generation installed capacity has been about 8%, which is basically equivalent to the average annual growth rate of the total installed capacity of electricity in the country, and its proportion in the power system has remained basically unchanged. Overall, it is believed that by around 2040, with the gradual retirement of coal-fired power units, the promotion of the Northwest Renewable Energy Base, and the development of distributed energy, the installed capacity of natural gas power generation will steadily increase in the construction of new power systems.

　　二是受區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展程度、城市密集度、電力需求等因素影響，氣電項(xiàng)目集中分布在京津冀、長(zhǎng)三角、珠三角等沿海地區(qū)。廣東、江蘇、浙江、上海、北京、天津裝機(jī)規(guī)模長(zhǎng)期居前六位，占總規(guī)模超70%。南方以調(diào)峰機(jī)組為主，北方以熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)機(jī)組為主。廣東省氣電裝機(jī)規(guī)模持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)，占全國總裝機(jī)規(guī)模的30%以上?？偟膩砜?，國內(nèi)大范圍部署天然氣發(fā)電的地區(qū)往往有較強(qiáng)烈的環(huán)保低碳訴求，且有較高的氣價(jià)承受能力。

　　Secondly, due to factors such as regional economic development level, urban density, and electricity demand, gas and electricity projects are concentrated in coastal areas such as Beijing Tianjin Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta. Guangdong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Beijing, and Tianjin have consistently ranked among the top six in terms of installed capacity, accounting for over 70% of the total scale. The southern region is dominated by peak shaving units, while the northern region is dominated by cogeneration units. The installed capacity of gas and electricity in Guangdong Province continues to grow, accounting for over 30% of the total installed capacity in the country. Overall, regions in China that deploy natural gas power generation on a large scale often have strong demands for environmental protection and low-carbon, and have a high ability to bear gas prices.

　　三是國內(nèi)氣電執(zhí)行單一制和兩部制2種并行的電價(jià)方式。各地氣電電價(jià)水平不一，單一制電價(jià)為0.61-0.69元/(kW·h)；兩部制電價(jià)中容量電價(jià)為28-48元/(kW·月)、電量電價(jià)為0.44-0.55元/(kW·h)。由于容量電價(jià)基本可補(bǔ)償電廠固定成本，電量電價(jià)與變動(dòng)成本持平或略高，兩部制電價(jià)對(duì)氣電企業(yè)經(jīng)營形成兜底，自2014年起，上海、浙江、江蘇、河南陸續(xù)開始執(zhí)行兩部制電價(jià)。

　　The third is the implementation of two parallel pricing methods for domestic gas and electricity, namely the single system and the two-part system. The level of gas and electricity prices varies in different regions, with a single system electricity price ranging from 0.61 to 0.69 yuan/(kW · h); The capacity electricity price in the two-part electricity pricing system is 28-48 yuan/(kW · month), and the electricity price is 0.44-0.55 yuan/(kW · h). Due to the fact that the capacity electricity price can basically compensate for the fixed costs of power plants, the electricity price and variable costs are equal or slightly higher. The two-part electricity price has formed a bottom line for the operation of gas and electricity enterprises. Since 2014, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Henan have successively implemented the two-part electricity price.

　　四是核心技術(shù)開發(fā)取得一定進(jìn)展。2024年2月，中國自主研制的首臺(tái)功率最大、技術(shù)最高的300兆瓦級(jí)F級(jí)重型燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)成功完成總裝下線，實(shí)現(xiàn)國內(nèi)大功率重型燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)自主設(shè)計(jì)制造，突破了國外的技術(shù)封鎖。此外，我國已經(jīng)加快了高端重型燃機(jī)國產(chǎn)化進(jìn)程，明確把H級(jí)燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)在2030年實(shí)現(xiàn)自主研發(fā)作為專項(xiàng)目標(biāo)。

　　Fourth, certain progress has been made in the development of core technologies. In February 2024, China's first independently developed 300 MW F-class heavy-duty gas turbine with the highest power and technology successfully completed its final assembly and production line, achieving domestic independent design and manufacturing of high-power heavy-duty gas turbines and breaking through foreign technology blockades. In addition, China has accelerated the localization process of high-end heavy-duty gas turbines, with a specific goal of achieving independent research and development of H-class gas turbines by 2030.

　　四、存在的問題

　　4、 Existing issues

　　一是天然氣資源供應(yīng)保障問題。氣電用來為可再生能源電力調(diào)峰，對(duì)資源保障要求高。中國天然氣進(jìn)口依存度已超過40%，調(diào)峰儲(chǔ)氣能力僅占天然氣消費(fèi)量的8.4%。在推行“煤改氣”工程后，全國曾多次出現(xiàn)天然氣供應(yīng)短缺（即“氣荒”）現(xiàn)象，無形中給天然氣打上了“供應(yīng)緊張”的標(biāo)簽，使得國家和地方政府部門以及電力部門在發(fā)展氣電時(shí)存有顧慮。

　　One is the issue of ensuring the supply of natural gas resources. Gas electricity is used for peak shaving of renewable energy power, which requires high resource security. China's dependence on natural gas imports has exceeded 40%, and its peak shaving and storage capacity only accounts for 8.4% of natural gas consumption. After the implementation of the "coal to gas" project, there have been multiple instances of natural gas supply shortages (known as "gas shortages") across the country, which have invisibly labeled natural gas as "tight supply", causing concerns among national and local government departments as well as the power sector when developing gas and electricity.

　　二是發(fā)電成本較高的問題。近年來國內(nèi)大部分地區(qū)的發(fā)電用氣價(jià)格為2.0-2.5元/立方，氣電成本約為0.55-0.65元/(kW·h)，比煤電、水電、核電等電源高0.1-0.3元/(kW·h)。

　　The second issue is the high cost of power generation. In recent years, the price of gas for power generation in most regions of China has been 2.0-2.5 yuan/cubic meter, and the cost of gas and electricity is about 0.55-0.65 yuan/(kW · h), which is 0.1-0.3 yuan/(kW · h) higher than power sources such as coal-fired power, hydropower, and nuclear power.

　　三是自主技術(shù)有待進(jìn)一步突破的問題。中國H級(jí)和J級(jí)的重型燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)及關(guān)鍵部件等自主研發(fā)存在不足，尚缺少燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)燃燒室、高溫透平葉片等關(guān)鍵部件自主設(shè)計(jì)和制造能力，機(jī)組檢修維護(hù)、改造升級(jí)等都依賴國外原廠商，相關(guān)費(fèi)用高昂，耗時(shí)多，整體效率低下，進(jìn)一步降低了氣電的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。

　　The third issue is the need for further breakthroughs in independent technology. There are deficiencies in the independent research and development of heavy-duty gas turbines and key components in China's H-class and J-class, and there is still a lack of independent design and manufacturing capabilities for key components such as gas turbine combustion chambers and high-temperature turbine blades. The maintenance, renovation, and upgrading of the units rely on foreign original manufacturers, resulting in high costs, time-consuming processes, and overall low efficiency, further reducing the market competitiveness of gas and electricity.

　　與傳統(tǒng)煤電相比，氣電具有清潔低碳、可調(diào)節(jié)、易啟停、穩(wěn)定高效等特點(diǎn)。盡管當(dāng)下受到資源稟賦、經(jīng)濟(jì)性等因素制約，氣電在中國的發(fā)展相對(duì)遲緩，然而在能源轉(zhuǎn)型以及電力系統(tǒng)重塑的大背景下，作為技術(shù)成熟、應(yīng)用廣泛且啟停靈活的支撐性電源，氣電必將在未來一定時(shí)期內(nèi)扮演著能源轉(zhuǎn)型的“橋梁”角色，也是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)提供電力電量支撐、保障電力供應(yīng)安全平穩(wěn)的現(xiàn)實(shí)抉擇。

　　Compared with traditional coal-fired power, gas-fired power has the characteristics of being clean, low-carbon, adjustable, easy to start and stop, stable and efficient. Despite being constrained by factors such as resource endowment and economic viability, the development of gas-fired power in China has been relatively slow. However, in the context of energy transformation and power system reshaping, as a technically mature, widely used, and flexible power source for start-up and shutdown, gas-fired power will play a "bridge" role in energy transformation in the near future. It is also a realistic choice for economically developed regions to provide power generation support and ensure safe and stable power supply.

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